Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, “Whole truth: resuscitating trauma patients with whole blood”
“The late Vietnam era marked a turning point away from WB—which was not driven by clinical evidence, but by economic, logistical, and perceived safety advantages of blood fractionation.”
The US military re-adopted warm fresh whole blood in 2002 and 'in 2017, reintroduced LTOWB'; civilian trauma centres now use low-titre O whole blood.
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Provenance and verification note for Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, Whole truth: resuscitating trauma patients with whole blood
Confidence note. Opened on PMC.
Corroborated by. src-who-2026-0612-blood-safety
Notes. Supports the glossary: component therapy has been the civilian norm since the 1970s; whole blood is a trauma/military niche.
Accessed. 19 September 2026 · Source ID. src-gurney-2026-whole-blood